![]() ![]() A rethinking of wildlife conservancies and energy projects is needed that involves pastoral communities from the outset and makes them the primary beneficiaries of any measure implemented in northern Kenya.Īcross the world, nomadic pastoral communities face a wide range of risks and challenges. Common to these risks are that they: (1) are caused by top-down governance processes with little to no community involvement (2) reduce the mobility and access to water and pasture of (some) pastoral communities (3) change the security situation. In Samburu, wildlife conservancies have changed the land-use system, and in Marsabit a pastoral community is exposed to noise and visible emissions from a wind park. In Turkana, potential oil spills threaten land and water resources upon which pastoralist communities depend. The findings show that all pastoral communities in northern Kenya face the old risks while the newer ones are county-specific. The study is based on a comprehensive and structured review of the scientific literature. It aims to better understand new and old risks and their combined impact on pastoral communities in the counties of Turkana, Samburu and Marsabit. This paper seeks to narrow this knowledge gap. The growing climate security literature has provided some insights into how changing rainfall patterns are affecting pastoralist conflicts, but we know little about the compound nature of multiple risks. While pastoralists have always faced risks such as political marginalization, harsh climate conditions and violent conflict, pastoral communities are increasingly exposed to new risks such as wildlife conservancies as well as large-scale wind and oil projects. Pastoralism is an important form of livelihood in Kenya, particularly in northern Kenya.
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